Effect of convective drying on phenolic acid, flavonoid and anthocyanin content, texture and microstructure of black rosehip fruit

This is the final version. Available on open access from Elsevier via the DOI in this recordAvailability of data and materials: Data available within the article or its supplementary materials.Black rosehip (Rosa pimpinellifolia) fruit is rich in nutrients that could be valorised and used as a functional food ingredient. Drying can be applied to increase the applications of this fruit. Drying can influence the composition of heat-sensitive phytochemicals and the matrix in terms of the texture and microstructure of the fruit. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of convective drying in terms of drying temperature (50–80 °C) and airflow (0.5–1.5 m/s) on phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins content, texture, and microstructure of dried black rosehip fruit. Catechin and epicatechin, as the two main flavonoids, were in their highest concentration in fruits dried at 70 °C. The highest levels of cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanine chloride, cyanidin-3-rutinoside, and pelargonidin-3-glucoside were determined at 70 °C and 1.5 m/s. The sample dried at 50 °C exhibited the highest concentrations of chlorogenic acid, fumaric acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, and quercetin-3-glucoside. The hardness, cohesiveness, and resilience were among the key texture parameters that were affected by drying temperature. The applied drying temperatures and air velocities induced substantial effects on the fruit microstructure. Considering these changes, it is important to assess the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of nutrients from dried black rosehip fruit in future research.Ondokuz Mayıs University Scientific Research Projects Offic

Evaluation of the relationship between the maxillary third molars and pterygomaxillary fissure by cephalometric radiographs

Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the third molars which are determined to be closely related to pterygomaxillary fissure (PTM) in cephalometric radiographs. Materials and methods: The material of this study was panoramic from 200 individuals (101 male, 99 female, mean age 19.02 ± 1.62) with three different skeletal malocclusion in the sagittal direction (class I: 109; class II: 66; class III: 25) and lateral cephalometric radiographs. It was observed that 151 of the patients included in this study had unilateral, 49 bilateral impacted maxillary third molars teeth. Angular and millimetric measurements (SNA°, SNB°, ANB°, PTM [Height-x], PTM [Width-y]) were made in accordance with the parameters determined on the lateral cephalometric radiographs of individuals. In this retrospective study, the relation of impaction with PTM evaluated on cephalometric radiographs, whether the impaction was unilateral or bilateral, was investigated in terms of skeletal anomaly. Chi-square test was used for the analysis. Results: Of the 200 individuals with impacted maxillary third molar, 99 were female and 101 were male. There is no statistical difference between them in terms of unilateral and bilateral impacted third molars (p > 0.05). Of the 200 patients, 109 patients were class I, 66 patients were class II, and 25 patients were class III. There is no statistical difference between unilateral and bilateral impacted cases in facial skeletal classification (p > 0.05). According to chi-square test results, the relationship between genders and PTM variable width and height (PTM-x and PTM-y) measurements were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The fact that the third molar teeth are impacted bilaterally or unilaterally is not affected by PTM change

Enhanced ultrasonically assisted extraction of bitter melon (Momordica charantia) leaf phenolic compounds using choline chloride-acetic acid–based natural deep eutectic solvent: an optimization approach and in vitro digestion

This is the final version. Available on open access from Springer via the DOI in this recordBitter melon (Momordica charantia) is a rich source of phytochemicals including phenolic compounds with diverse health-promoting benefits and potential food industry application due to their antioxidant potential. Bitter melon leaves have been limitedly investigated in comparison to bitter melon fruits. The current work explores the use of green extraction methodology to optimize enhanced extraction of phenolic compounds from bitter melon leaves using ultrasonically assisted extraction and choline chloride-acetic acid (CHAC)–based natural deep eutectic solvent. Extraction using CHAC significantly improved the extraction of total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and individual phenolic compounds (including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, epicatechin, and quercetin-3-glucoside) in comparison to water, ethanol, and methanol. The effect of molar ratio, water content, temperature, and time on the extraction efficiency of bitter melon leaf phenolic compounds by CHAC was explored and optimized with surface response methodology (central composite design). The optimum condition for the extraction of individual phenolic compounds is a molar ratio of 1:4.35 CHAC with 20.68% water content at 75 °C for 21.23 min. Evaluation of the bioaccessibility of individual phenolic compounds concluded that the most bioaccessible compound was vanillic acid (105.00 ± 2.52%) followed by salicylic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, gallic acid, epicatechin, and quercetin-3-glucoside.Ondokuz Mayis Universit

Production of cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) pulp powder by foam-mat drying: analysis of physicochemical and antioxidant properties

This is the final version, Available on open access from Springer via the DOI in this recordAvailability of data and materials: Data available within the article or its supplementary materialsCornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) is a rich source of (poly)phenols such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins that are known for their bioactivity. This study aimed to enhance the industrial applications of this cherry’s pulp as a potential functional food ingredient. Foam-mat drying was used to produce cherry powder from cherry pulp. The convective drying process was performed at different temperatures (50, 60, 70, and 80°C) to study the effect of drying temperature on the physical properties, flow properties, microstructure, (poly)phenol content, antioxidant properties, and bioaccessibility of foam-dried cherry pulp, in comparison to freeze-dried sample. Different drying temperatures did not affect color properties. The highest gloss was determined at high temperatures (70–80°C). According to the Carr index, the fluidity increased between 18 and 22% as the temperature increased. The total phenolic content was higher at elevated temperatures (70–80°C), yet the anthocyanin content was the highest at 60°C. The flavonoid content was not affected by different drying temperatures, as well as compared to lyophilized samples. The antioxidant activity was higher in samples dried at elevated temperatures, with no significant difference in comparison to lyophilized samples. The bioaccessibility experiment showed that the lyophilized samples had significantly greater bioaccessibility in comparison to the convective dried samples, yet further investigation is required to understand the differences in bioaccessibility and bioavailability of individual polyphenols. Overall, foam-mat drying using a convective drying system could be an economic choice to preserve acceptable amounts of phenolics and antioxidants

Drying date plum (Diospyros lotus L.) fruit: Assessing rehydration properties, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds

This is the final version. Available on open access from Wiley via the DOI in this recordDate plum (Diospyrus lotus L.) is an edible fruit from the Ebenaceae family, rich in nutrients, and having tremendous medicinal properties. This paper attempted to show the influence of different parameters of convective drying such as temperature (50, 60, 70, and 80°C) and air velocity (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 m/s) on the shrinkage and microstructure, rehydration properties, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds of date plum. The drying caused significant changes in the color, actual size, and distribution of the fruit cells of date plum. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of fresh date plum were 0.81 ± 0.00 mg GAE/g, 0.23 ± 0.10 mg ECE/g, 7.15 ± 1.09 mmol ISE/g, and 14.92 ± 0.88 mmol/TE, respectively. The drying at 70°C had the highest values of TPC, TFC, gallic acid, chlorogenic and syringic acids, catechin, quercetin-3-glucoside, resveratrol, and DPPH. The drying air velocities showed no significant effects on the antioxidant contents and the antioxidant activity. Of the models applied to the drying kinetics, the Midilli model was found as the best model to describe the drying kinetics of date plum. In addition, the Weibull model was found as the most successful among the models applied to the rehydration kinetics of date plum. According to the achieved findings, the convective drying temperature of 70°C is the optimum temperature to produce the dehydrated date plum. Practical Application This work has revealed the drying conditions responsible for preserving the phenolic compounds, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant features of D. lotus L. The study found the optimum drying conditions, and Midilli and Weibull models were the most fitted models to describe the drying and rehydration behaviors of D. lotus L. fruits, respectively. The drying provides a reasonable value of the possibility of continuous consumption of the fruits dried afforded on off-seasons. The dried fruits are widely used for multipurpose and have been extensively used in food industries due to their rich nutraceutical and antioxidant compounds

Family Unification in Five and Six Dimensions

In family unification models, all three families of quarks and leptons are grouped together into an irreducible representation of a simple gauge group, thus unifying the Standard Model gauge symmetries and a gauged family symmetry. Large orthogonal groups, and the exceptional groups $E_7$ and $E_8$ have been much studied for family unification. The main theoretical difficulty of family unification is the existence of mirror families at the weak scale. It is shown here that family unification without mirror families can be realized in simple five-dimensional and six-dimensional orbifold models similar to those recently proposed for SU(5) and SO(10) grand unification. It is noted that a family unification group that survived to near the weak scale and whose coupling extrapolated to high scales unified with those of the Standard model would be evidence accessible in principle at low energy of the existence of small (Planckian or GUT-scale) extra dimensions.Comment: 13 pages, 2 figures, minor corrections, references adde

Buried palaeosols of NW Sardinia (Italy) as archives of the Late Quaternary climatic fluctuations

A multi-disciplinary approach was performed to investigate two compound geosols included between wind-blown deposits at the top, and interglacial (MIS 5) beach sediments at the bottom, located along the Alghero coast (North-western Sardinia, Italy). A sedimentological and morphological study was carried out on the profile in the field, and samples collected on the main pedomembers were subjected to several laboratory analyses, consisting of physical and chemical determinations on bulk samples, mineralogy (XRD), micromorphology on undisturbed samples (thin Section, SEM), and EDAX-micro probe analyses. Dating was performed by means of Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL). The studied geosols show the evidence of a complex pedosedimentary evolution. Around 80 to 70. ka the lower geosol underwent weathering and clay illuviation (wet and warm conditions), followed by calcification-recalcification processes (dry-contrasted), and finally by strong bioturbation. Around 70. ka the onset of the glacial period (MIS 4) is marked by the deposition of a sand dune, capping the lower geosol. These results indicate that the coastal area of the central Mediterranean kept the relatively warm conditions typical of the interglacial climate for most of the Early Würm and reached cold conditions only at about 70. ka, possibly in relation to the rapid cooling of the Heinrich event H7. The upper geosol developed on colluvial material including abundant pedorelicts and reddish earth material, deposited around 50. ka. Before being buried by aeolian sand around 43. ka, this deposit underwent pedogenesis phases possibly associated to Middle Würm interstadial events, indicating that in the study area these events were intense enough to influence pedogenesis. © 2014 Elsevier B.V

Spontaneous breaking of SU(3) to finite family symmetries: a pedestrian's approach

Non-Abelian discrete family symmetries play a pivotal role in the formulation of models with tri-bimaximal lepton mixing. We discuss how to obtain symmetries such as A4, semidirect product of Z7 and Z3, and Delta(27) from an underlying SU(3) gauge symmetry. Higher irreducible representations are required to achieve the spontaneous breaking of the continuous group. We present methods of identifying the required vacuum alignments and discuss in detail the symmetry breaking potentials.Comment: 21 page

Coset Space Dimensional Reduction and Wilson Flux Breaking of Ten-Dimensional N=1, E(8) Gauge Theory

We consider a N=1 supersymmetric E(8) gauge theory, defined in ten dimensions and we determine all four-dimensional gauge theories resulting from the generalized dimensional reduction a la Forgacs-Manton over coset spaces, followed by a subsequent application of the Wilson flux spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism. Our investigation is constrained only by the requirements that (i) the dimensional reduction leads to the potentially phenomenologically interesting, anomaly free, four-dimensional E(6), SO(10) and SU(5) GUTs and (ii) the Wilson flux mechanism makes use only of the freely acting discrete symmetries of all possible six-dimensional coset spaces.Comment: 45 pages, 2 figures, 10 tables, uses xy.sty, longtable.sty, ltxtable.sty, (a shorter version will be published in Eur. Phys. J. C